Double-opposing Z-Plasty Extended with a Pedicled Buccal Fat Pad Flap for Correcting Velopharyngeal Insufficiency after Primary Palatoplasty

Abstract

Introduction: Furlow double-opposing Z-plasty (DOZ) lengthens the soft palate; however, this lengthening is achieved at the expense of increased mucosal flap tension. Thus, its use is limited in patients with severe tension applied on mucosal flap after DOZ. In this study, DOZ was combined with a buccal fat pad (BFP) flap to maximize palatal lengthening and muscle repositioning.

Methods: This study included patients who underwent surgical correction for velopharyngeal insufficiency between December 2016 and February 2019. Patients with more than moderate degree hypernasality following primary palatoplasty were included in the study. Patients younger than 4 years of age, those with a submucous cleft palate, or syndromic patients were excluded. Speech outcomes were investigated for those who underwent DOZ only (DOZ group, n = 17) and those in whom a BFP was used (BFP group, n = 15) pre- and postoperatively. The velopharyngeal gaps between the uvula and pharyngeal wall were measured before and immediately after surgery to estimate the palatal length.

Results: Most patients who received a BFP showed improvement in hypernasality. However, the hypernasality of the DOZ group was more severe than that of the BFP group (p = 0.023). The extent of palatal lengthening was 4.4 ± 1.7 mm and 7.5 ± 2.1 mm in the DOZ and BFP groups, respectively (p = 0.001).

Conclusions: BFPs reduced the tension of the DOZ mucosal flap and maximized palatal lengthening and muscle repositioning. They promoted velopharyngeal closure in patients with moderate and moderate-to-severe velopharyngeal insufficiency. Hence, our method improves the surgical outcomes of patients with velopharyngeal insufficiency after primary palatoplasty.