Central Symptoms of Insomnia in Relation to Depression and COVID-19 Anxiety in General Population: A Network Analysis

Abstract

Background: Insomnia is prevalent among the general population, and studies have shown an increase in insomnia symptoms during the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. Despite numerous studies of insomnia, few studies have investigated insomnia symptoms in detail. In this study, we used network analysis to investigate interactions between insomnia symptoms in the general population. Furthermore, given the effect of COVID-19 on mental health, we also investigated how anxiety response to COVID-19 and depression related to insomnia symptoms. Methods: Data from 785 non-infected participants were used. The Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), Stress and Anxiety to Viral Epidemics-6 Scale (SAVE-6), and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) were used to measure insomnia symptoms, anxiety response to COVID-19, and depression, respectively. Network analysis was performed using R Studio. Centrality indices and edge weights were obtained, and each index was evaluated using bootstrapping methods. Results: The network revealed ISI7 (worry about current sleep pattern) to be the most central insomnia symptom. ISI7 was strongly connected to SAVE-6 total score, and ISI2 (difficulty staying asleep) was strongly connected to PHQ-9 total score. Conclusion: High centrality of ISI7 supports the role of dysfunctional cognitions in etiological models of insomnia and thus the cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia. The relationship between ISI7 and SAVE-6 is explained by transposition of worry and fear of contracting COVID-19 to worry about sleep patterns. The link between ISI2 and PHQ-9 necessitate further investigations of whether specific symptoms of insomnia are more associated with depression.