In Situ Gas Analysis by Differential Electrochemical Mass Spectrometry for Advanced Rechargeable Batteries: A Review

Abstract

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and beyond-LIB systems exhibit properties that are determined by electrochemical reactions occurring in their four essential components—the cathode, anode, electrolyte, and separator. Advanced analytical methods such as differential electrochemical mass spectrometry (DEMS) can assist in understanding the electrochemical behavior, which can help in advancing battery technologies. Recent studies have shown that the DEMS-enabled real-time gas analysis of electrochemical reactions can provide valuable information on aspects such as gaseous reactants or (side) products, which cannot be obtained appropriately through other characterization techniques. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the latest developments and advancements in the use of DEMS as a rapid, operando gas-monitoring method for advanced rechargeable battery systems. Moreover, the significance of DEMS in current and future battery development is also discussed and insights are provided into the various battery chemistries that can benefit from DEMS applications. This review is intended to help readers understand the potential of DEMS to drive innovation in the battery industry.