Planes for Perforator/Skin Flap Elevation-Definition, Classification, and Techniques

Abstract

Background: Elevation in different layers achieving thin flaps are becoming relatively common practice for perforator flaps. Although postreconstruction debulking achieves pleasing aesthetic results and is widely practiced, customized approach during elevation to achieve the ideal thickness will increase efficiency while achieving the best possible aesthetic outcome. Multiple planes for elevation have been reported along with different techniques but it is quite confusing and may lack correspondence to the innate anatomy of the skin and subcutaneous tissue.

Methods: This article reviews the different planes of elevation and aims to clarify the definition and classification in accordance to anatomy and present the pros and cons of elevation based on the different layers and provide technical tips for elevation.

Results: Five different planes of elevation for perforator flaps are identified: subfascial, suprafacial, superthin, ultrathin, and subdermal (pure skin) layers based on experience, literature, and anatomy.

Conclusion: These planes all have their unique properties and challenges. Understanding the benefits and limits along with the technical aspect will allow the surgeon to better apply the perforator flaps.